[1] Patrick N, Emanski E, Knaub MA. Acute and chronic low back pain. Medical Clinics of North America. 2016 Jan 31; 100(1):169–181; Frymoyer JW, Cats-Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1991; 22(2): 263–271; Rubin DI. Epidemiology and risk factors for spine pain. Neurologic Clinics. 2007; 25(2): 353–371.
[2] Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Bain C, Williams G, Smith E, Vos T, Barendregt J, Murray C, Burstein R, Buchbinder R. The global burden of low back pain: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2014; 73: 968–974.
[3] World Health Organization. Musculoskeletal Conditions. 2021 Feb 8 [accessed 2022 April 7] who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditionsf.
[4] Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of low back pain. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2010; 24(6): 769–781; Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Benyamin RM, Hirsch JA. Epidemiology of low back pain in adults. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. 2014; 17(S2): 3–10.
[5] Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, Castel LD, Kalsbeek WD, Carey TS. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009; 169(3): 251–258.
[6] Frymoyer JW, Cats-Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1991; 22(2): 263–271.
[7] Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, Castel LD, Kalsbeek WD, Carey TS. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009 Feb 9; 169(3): 251–258.
[8] Drezner JA, Herring SA, Harmon K, Rubin A. Managing low-back pain: steps to optimize function and hasten return to activity. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2001 Aug 1; 29(8): 37–43.
[9] Braddom RL. Perils and pointers in the evaluation and management of back pain. Seminars in Neurology. 1998; 18: 197–210.
[10] Golightly YM, Goode AP, Cleveland RJ, Nelson AE, Hannan MT, Hillstrom HJ, Kraus VB, Schwartz TA, Renner JB, Jordan JM. FRI0598 relationship of joint hypermobility with low back pain and lumbar spine osteoarthritis: A cohort study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2016; 75(2): 659–659.
[11] Heneweer H, Vanhees L, Picavet HS. Physical activity and low back pain: A u-shaped relation? Pain. 2009 May 31; 143(1): 21–25.
[12] Borenstein DG. Chronic low back pain. Rheumatological Disease Clinics of North America. 1996; 22(3): 439–456.
[13] Zelle BA, Gruen GS, Brown S, George S. Sacroiliac joint dysfunction: Evaluation and management. Clinical Journal of Pain. 2005; 21(5): 446–455.
[14] Samini F, Gharedaghi M, Khajavi M, Samini M. The etiologies of low back pain in patients with lumbar disk herniation. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2014; 16(10): Article ID15670, 5 pages
[15] Goldthwait JE, Osgood RB. A consideration of the pelvic articulations from an anatomical, pathological and clinical standpoint. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 1905; 152(21): 593–601.
[16] Mixter WJ, Barr JS. Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal. New England Journal of Medicine. 1934; 211: 210.
[17] Ombregt B, Bisschop P, Ter Veer HJ. A System of Orthopaedic Medicine, 2nd ed (p. 739). London, England: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.
[18] Hills EC, Wieting JM. Mechanical low back pain. 20014 Nov 21 [cited 2022 March 20]. emedicine.com/pmr/topic73.htm.
[19] Ombregt B, Bisschop P, Ter Veer HJ. A System of Orthopaedic Medicine, 2nd ed. (p. 775). London, England: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.
[20] Alpers BJ. The problem of sciatica. Medical Clinics of North America. 1953; 37:503 [cited 2022 March 20] ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/canmedaj00671-0040.pdf.
[21] Bernard TN Jr, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1987; 217: 266–280.
[22] Samini F, Gharedaghi M, Khajavi M, Samini M. The etiologies of low back pain in patients with lumbar disk herniation. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2014; 16(10): Article ID15670, 5 pages.
[23] Saal JA, Saal JS. Nonoperative treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc with radiculopathy: An outcome study. Spine. 1989; 14(4): 431–437.
[24] Zelle BA, Gruen GS, Brown S, George S. Sacroiliac joint dysfunction: Evaluation and management. Clinical Journal of Pain. 2005; 21(5): 446–455.
[25] Cohen SP. Sacroiliac joint pain: A comprehensive review of anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005; 101(5): 1440–1453.
[26] Slipman CW, Jackson HB, Lipetz JS, Chan KT, Lenrow D, Vresilovic EJ. Sacroiliac joint pain referral zones. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000; 81(3): 334–338.
[27] Buijs E, Visser L, Groen G. Sciatica and the sacroiliac joint: a forgotten concept. British journal of Anaesthesia. 2007; 99(5): 713–716; Fortin JD, Vilensky JA, Merkel GJ. Can the sacroiliac joint cause sciatica? Pain Physician. 2003; 6(3): 269–272.
[28] Bernard TN Jr, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1987; 217: 266–280.
[29] Merriman J. Prolotherapy versus operative fusion in the treatment of joint instability of the spine and pelvis. Journal of the International College of Surgeons. 1964; 42(2): 150–159.
[30] Hackett GS, Huang TC. Prolotherapy for sciatica from weak pelvic ligaments and bone dystrophy. Clinical Medicine. 1961 Dec; 8: 2301; Myers AB. Prolotherapy treatment of low back pain and sciatica. Bull Hosp Joint Disease. 1961 Apr 1; 22: 48–55.
[31] Bernard TN Jr, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1987; 217: 266–280.
[32] Mennell J. Back Pain, Diagnosing and Treating Using Manipulative Techniques (p. 51). Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown and Company, 1960.
[33] Fortin JD, Falco FJE. The Fortin finger test: an indicator of sacroiliac pain. American Journal of Orthopedics. 1997; 26: 477–480.
[34] Kim WM, Lee HG, Won Jeong C, Kim CM, Yoon MH. A randomized controlled trial of intra-articular prolotherapy versus steroid injection for sacroiliac joint pain. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2010 Dec 1; 16(12): 1285–1290; Cusi M, Saunders J, Hungerford B, Wisbey-Roth T, Lucas P, Wilson S. The use of prolotherapy in the sacroiliac joint. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010 Feb 1; 44(2): 100–104. Mitchell B, Barnard A. Prolotherapy for sacroiliac joint pain. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2012 Dec 31; 15: S336; Rose R, Barnard A. Efficacy of prolotherapy treatment for sacroiliac joint instability and pain. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2015 Dec 1; 19: e70; Mitchell B, Rose R, Barnard A. Prolotherapy for sacroiliac joint pain-12 months outcomes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2014 Dec 1; 18: e90; Ko GD, Mindra S, Lawson GE, Whitmore S, Arseneau L. Case series of ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injections for sacroiliac joint dysfunction. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2017; 30(2): 363–370.
[35] Hauser RA. Lackner JB, Steilen-Matias D, Harris DK. A systematic review of dextrose prolotherapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain. Clinical Medicine Insights. Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2016; 9: 139; Cusi M, Saunders J, Hungerford B, Wisbey-Roth T, Lucas P, Wilson S. The use of prolotherapy in the sacroiliac joint. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010 Feb 1; 44(2): 100–104; Hackett GS. Prolotherapy in whiplash and low back pain. Postgraduate Medicine. 1960 Feb 1; 27(2): 214–219; Ongley M, Dorman T, Klein R, Eek B, Hubert L. A new approach to the treatment of chronic low back pain. The Lancet. 1987 Jul 18; 330(8551): 143–146; Hackett GS, Huang TC. Prolotherapy for sciatica from weak pelvic ligaments and bone dystrophy. Clinical Medicine. 1961 Dec; 8: 2301–2316.
[36] Ko GD, Mindra S, Lawson GE, Whitmore S, Arseneau L. Case series of ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injections for sacroiliac joint dysfunction. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2017; 30(2): 363–370.
[37] Kirchner F, Anitua E. Intradiscal and intra-articular facet infiltrations with plasma rich in growth factors reduce pain in patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of Craniovertebral Junction & Spine. 2016 Mar 2; 7(4): 250–256.
[38] Hussein M, Hussein T. Effect of autologous platelet leukocyte rich plasma injections on atrophied lumbar multifidus muscle in low back pain patients with monosegmental degenerative disc disease. SICOT-J. 2016 Mar 22: Article ID 2016002, 7 pages.
[39] Wu J, Zhou J, Liu C, Zhang J, Xiong W, Lv Y, Liu R, Wang R, Du Z, Zhang G, Liu Q. A prospective study comparing platelet-rich plasma and local anesthetic (LA)/corticosteroid in intra-articular injection for the treatment of lumbar face joint. Pain Practice. 2017; 17(7): 914–924; Singla V, Batra YK, Bharti N, Goni VG, Marwaha N. Steroid vs. Platelet‐Rich Plasma in Ultrasound‐Guided Sacroiliac Joint Injection for Chronic Low Back Pain. Pain Practice. 2017 Jul 1; 17(6): 782–791.
[40] Hunt CL, Eldrige JS, Mauck WD, van Wijnen AJ, Qu W. Poster 124: Office-Based Stem Cell Therapies for Painful Degenerative Facetogenic and Sacroiliac Joint Disease: A Case Series. PM&R. 2017 Sep 30; 9(9): S174–5; Pettine K. Suzuki R, Sand T, Murphy M. Treatment of discogenic back pain with autologous bone marrow concentrate injection with minimum two year follow-up. International Orthopaedics. 2016; 40(1): 135–140.